My friend Silke Helfrich recently wrote a great blog post about the importance of infrastructure to the commons, drawing upon the keynote talk on infrastructure by Miguel Said Vieira at the Economics and the Commons conference in Berlin, in May 2013. Silke reviewed Miguel's talk, prepared in collaboration with Stefan Meretz – and then added some of her own ideas and examples. Here is her post from the Commons Blog:
Infrastructure is, IMHO, one of THE issues we have to deal with if we want to expand the commons….Let’s start with a few quotes from the (pretty compelling) framing of the respective stream at ECC, which was called, “New Infrastructures for Commoning by Design.”
"Commons, whether small or large, can benefit a lot from dependable communication, energy and transportation, for instance. Frequently, the issue is not even that a commons can benefit from those services, but that its daily survival badly depends on them. … When we look at commoning initiatives as a loose network, it does not make sense that multiple commons in different fields or locations should have to repeat and overlap their efforts in obtaining those services (infrastructures) independently…“
We need to sensitize commoners about the urgent need for Commons-Enabling Infrastructures (CEI). That is, we need infrastructures that can “by design” foster and protect new practices of commoning; help challenge power concentration and individualistic behavior are based on distributed networks (as extensively as possible) provide platforms which enable non-discriminatory access and use rights (for instance: a “ticket-free public transport system” is not cost-free, but it is designed in such a way that the funding of maintenance is not tied to the traveller’s individual budget).
The good news is, that we don’t need to start from scratch (as we’ll see). Such infrastructures have always existed. They clearly CAN enable the creation and maintenance of commons if they are designed for it and if they are run by communities or networks. The problem is that this crucial point is often dismissed – even amongst commons-sensitive communities. The talk delivered by free software advocate Eben Moglen at Re:publica 2012 shows in an almost dramatic way how even in the digital world we lose the fight on infrastructures: “But freedom of thought needs free media and free media needs free technologies.“ (Moglen). It’s that simple.
In other words: It is not enough to use free software and protect it by the General Public License. Legally protected free software remains technically and structurally vulnerable. If everything is run on enclosed platforms sooner or later these platforms (and those who run them) will cannibalize the freedom of users. Free software needs free hardware and community controlled infrastructures. If not, cooptation is right around the corner. (The Freedom Box project deals with this.)
To build commons enabling infrastructures, “there are at least four critical factors that must be properly structured for the infrastructures to succeed: the social organization of management systems, technical issues, system protocols and legal governance regimes. […] However, conventional economics discourse barely recognizes this distinction and usually treats infrastructure as a resource, pure and simple, with little regard for the actual or potential role of commoning.“ (from the Deep Dive protocol)
There are plenty of questions that arise when we think about Commons Enabling Infrastructures, questions such as:
- What could be the roles of the state – currently the main provider of infrastructures – and the market?
- How those actors conflict with commoning initiatives, and how could they be useful in infrastructures provisioning?
- While some emerging infrastructures have progressive dimensions (using distributed networks, promoting local access), they may be minor parts of larger, regressive infrastructures that still depend upon individual transportation, centralized power grids and concentrated industrial structures. Is this avoidable, and how so?
- Why is the issue so challenging? –> Because it is rather unexplored and because it transcends the issue of limits / size / scale.
- … and many others, feel free to add in the comments.
But first and foremost the question is: What is infrastructure at all? It is not a given, but historically/ socially constructed. It is a system that enables activities of multiple actors, just as our veins, neuronal networks and musculature allow all parts of our body and elements within to act and interact.
“Why don’t we think of a single car as infrastructure?” Because infrastructure is about something that lies infra -- Latin for “beneath” -- the single thing or activity (roads, traffic signals and traffic rules) that can by used by many actors. Infrastructures are social systems.
Infrastructure is usually too expensive to be paid by an individual. It can be related to layers/ systems/ resources that we all use (e.g., spectrum), or to things we value collectively (health, sanitation, education). It is something we share, it has a social character and therefore, the potential to be commons.
Today, most existing infrastructures are related to commodity production, that is: they are driven by market logic, but the market provides only indirect (and very imperfect) indicators of societal needs. Thus, many current infrastructures foster environmentally harmful and individualistic behavior. The lack of certain infrastructures does as well; just think about the public transport system vs. the highway system in Germany.
Most of these commodity driven and commodity reproducing infrastructures were built by States and not by private actors. In fact there is a trend towards mega-infrastructures (pushed by States and corporations), many of them related to energy-supply, mining and agribusiness companies.
“These large energy, mining and infrastructure investments are frequently cross-border“ (Baker & McKenzie) and set up as Public Private Partnerships. This kind of infrastructure usually promotes and enables dispossession.
Therefore, the question is (again): How can the infrastructures be related to commons production? How can we promote and build commons enabling infrastructures? And how can we deal with the following challenges:
- to turn existing infrastructures into commons: → via appropriating existing, state-provided infrastructures or (re-)designing commons-enabling infrastructure with the State? What are the limits of such infrastructures? (Does car-sharing spur the change of the underlying infrastructures?)
- to turn commons into infrastructures on a wider societal level, so that society is less dependent on commodities? Here the problem is the current ties of many commons to a region/ a territory within given boundaries.
To show where we are at and show what’s possible, here are a few alternative approaches (practices) to infrastructures:
1. Guifi.net – “the open, free and neutral network; Internet for Everybody“, which is a large and successful community built, shared and controled internet infrastructure; an example of it’s application: guifi.net.map. It is
“based on a peer to peer agreement that let’s anyone join the network by providing her/her connections, which in turn extends network connectivity to others. Guifi.net is an independent network owned by commoners, but also constituted as a foundation that lets it dialogue with the state and market in order to have access to other infrastuctures (such as the electro-magnetic spectrum) and grow.”
There are other such networks based on common WLAN hotspots and a bit of antennas and software programming in Athens, Barcelona or Vienna. The European Union is funding research projects about their potential. Because, if ”many of such community networks are set up together they can form a distributed network, based on so called ‘Linux-Containers’ (LXC). This would be a new and light-weighted, community-controled p2p form of enabling communication beyond the big corporations and based on computers of relatively low performance. (CONFINE, Community Networks Testbed for the Future Internet). Indeed, in post-Snowden times, an infrastructure of free, distributed networks to enable our (digital) communication seems more important than ever (see also Community-lab.net).
They could help spur commons-based, distributed energy production by many countless projects and initiatives. But there is a similar problem as in the case of telecommunication: if those initiatives would like to exchange energy among themselves, they would need to use the market-based grid →which makes them vulnerable. Moreover, the current trend favoring Smart Grids is not driven by commons but by the idea of the Green Economy, which basically ignores the factor of excessive consumption.
3. Education: Marabá Rural Campus
This is an example of a Public Higher Education Institute that offers technical and undergraduate degrees in agroecology and rural education. It is an interesting case that shows how communities can themselves appropriate infrastructures that are usually state run. Peasant movements involved with land reform, indigenous people or quilombos are involved in student selection mechanisms, that is: extremely diverse communities, but usually pro-commons and some of them even strictly commons based, sharing and producing collectively. Along with trade unions they pressured the State to set up the Campus. The land was donated by the Movement of Landless People, MST. The location chosen for the campus was particularly relevant as it is close to El Dorado dos Carajás where in 1996, 19 people were murdered by the police. In a way the Marabá Rural Campus is a battleground between commons-based initiatives and neo-extractivists.
Marabá Rural Campus has small-scale family farming, agroecology and food sovereignty as principles, and blends them with research focused on the community’s needs. One of its strategies is called alternation pedagogy, in which students spend one third of their time in their respective communities. This allows for process-oriented learning and research and minimizes the rural exodus. Btw, there is an interesting conceptual link to a recent article by Prof. Uwe Schneidewind (Director of the Wuppertal Institute) who calls for a citizen university concept in Germany. We need to commonify education. Pioneering work we can build upon is done in many places; one example is the Future-Foundation Education of the GLS-Trust. This will be the main pillar of commonifying public services and infrastructures.
4. Transportation and Urban Planning.
Infrastructure as a commons can include car-pooling and car-sharing, achieved through a distributed sharing of transportation needs and routes. Shared cars could have preferred access to key roads, for example. In Tallinn, capital of Estonia, a system of free public transport was recently instituted that lets registered residents of the city use the system at no cost, while visitors from other parts of the country and foreigners must pay. The idea is that citizens have already paid via their taxes for the transportation.
“To be entitled to freely use public transport in Tallinn, citizens of Tallinn have to purchase the so-called ‘green card’ (EUR 2) and personalise it. People from outside Tallinn can also buy the ‘green card’, which enables them to load the needed amount of money to use public transport. Since the implementation of free public transport, a significant increase in the number of registered Tallinners can be observed.”
So, it seems to help densifying urban spaces, which to a certain degree is desperately needed to leave the urban surroundings untouched.
Urban planning and public spaces can be considered infrastructure as well. And from that perspective, urban gardening or urban agriculture are attempts to reclaim spaces that have been taken over by development and/or abandoned. Other approaches to convert urban infrastructure into commons-enabling infrastructures (CEI) are social housing projects and community land trusts. To mention just two examples out of many: The Ca La Fou in Spain (Catalunya) – “Colonia Ecoindustrial Postcapitalista – is an industrial colony that has built low-cost housing that is owned, managed and governed by the community. And the Community Land Trust in Brussels has developed organizational forms trusts) to convert urban land and housing into something used and stewarded by the communities themselves on a pretty ambitious scale.
Obviously in all those areas there are plenty of tensions: the government may show a lack of commitment to land reform; guaranteeing participatory management is a constant struggle; corruption is not unknown in the commons, nor is conflict; etc. But once we conceive commons-enabling infrastructures in a clearer way, once we understand why they are so crucial in expanding the commons and how many thrilling initiatives can be (and already are) connected to each other -- once we have a more commons-friendly environment in which these experiments can evolve – each project can focus with major strength on these issues, which won’t disappear, but can be commonly addressed and resolved.
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